Apache是一个强大的Web服务器在处理静态页面、处理大量网络客户请求、支持服务的种类以及可配置方面都有优势,高速并且强壮。但是没有JSP/Servlet的解析能力。整合Apache和Tomcat可以看作是用Tomcat做Apache的jsp/servlet解析插件,将两者优势结合起来。不过Tomcat作为一个Web服务器,本身具备了基本的Web服务功能,在SUN的力推下,将来或许越来越强壮到不需要借助Apache优势的地步。
Tomcat是一个免费的开放源代码的Web 应用服务器,属于轻量级应用服务器,在中小型系统和并发访问用户不是很多的场合下被普遍使用,是开发和调试JSP 程序的首选。Tomcat 很受广大程序员的喜欢,因为它运行时占用的系统资源小,扩展性好,支持负载平衡与邮件服务等开发应用系统常用的功能;而且它还在不断的改进和完善中,任何一个感兴趣的程序员都可以更改它或在其中加入新的功能。
Apache与tomcat的异同:
apache支持静态页,tomcat支持动态的,比如servlet等。
一般使用apache+tomcat的话,apache只是作为一个转发,对jsp的处理是由tomcat来处理的。
apache可以支持php\cgi\perl,但是要使用java的话,你需要tomcat在apache后台支撑,将java请求由apache转发给tomcat处理。
apache是web服务器,Tomcat是应用(java)服务器,它只是一个servlet(jsp也翻译成servlet)容器,可以认为是apache的扩展,但是可以独立于apache运行。
Apache是专门用了提供HTTP服务的,以及相关配置的(例如虚拟主机、URL转发等等)。
Tomcat是Apache组织在符合J2EE的JSP、Servlet标准下开发的一个JSP服务器;
Apache与tomcat整合的好处:
如果客户端请求的是静态页面,则只需要Apache服务器响应请求。
如果客户端请求动态页面,则是Tomcat服务器响应请求。
因为jsp是服务器端解释代码的,这样整合就可以减少Tomcat的服务开销。
一.环境与功能说明
前端:apache配置负载均衡、反向代理(mod_jk模块)
后端:tomcat服务器
前端高可用:通过keepalived实现
系统版本:CentOS 6.4_x86_64(最小化)
apache版本:httpd-2.4.9
arp版本:apr-1.4.6
apr-util版本:apr-util-1.4.1
tomcat版本:apache-tomcat-7.0.53
Jdk版本:jdk-7u40-linux-x64
tomcat-commectors版本:tomcat-connectors-1.2.40
keepalived版本:keepalived-1.2.7-3.el6.x86_64(使用yum安装)
二.安装与配置apache服务器(172.16.10.72、172.16.10.75执行同样的安装与配置,这里只演示一次)
1.安装编译工具和依赖包
yum groupinstall "Development Tools" "Development Libraries" –y
2.下载软件包
yum -y install wgetwget http://mirror.esocc.com/apache//httpd/httpd-2.4.9.tar.gzwget http://mirrors.axint.net/apache//apr/apr-1.4.6.tar.gzwget http://mirrors.axint.net/apache//apr/apr-util-1.4.1.tar.gz
3.安装apache
3.1.安装apr和apr-tuil
httpd-2.4.9需要较新版本的apr和apr-util,因此需要事先对其进行升级。升级方式有两种,一种是通过源代码编译安装,一种是直接升级rpm包。以下是采用前者进行安装:
# tar xf apr-1.4.6.tar.gz# tar xf apr-util-1.4.1.tar.gz# cd apr-1.4.6# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr # make# make install# cd ..# cd apr-util-1.4.1# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr-util --with-apr=/usr/local/apr # make# make install# cd ..
3.2.安装http-2.4.9
# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache --sysconfdir=/etc/httpd24 --enable-so --enable-ssl --enable-cgi --enable-rewrite --with-zlib --with-pcre --with-apr=/usr/local/apr --with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/ --enable-modules=most --enable-mpms-shared=all# make && make install
4.配置SysV服务脚本/etc/init.d/httpd
# cp build/rpm/httpd.init /etc/init.d/httpd#修改如下内容: # vi /etc/init.d/httpdhttpd=${HTTPD-/usr/local/apache/bin/httpd}pidfile=${PIDFILE-/usr/local/apache/logs/${prog}.pid}lockfile=${LOCKFILE-/var/lock/subsys/${prog}}RETVAL=0# check for 1.3 configurationcheck13 () { CONFFILE=/etc/httpd24/httpd.conf #修改环境变量并把Httpd加入到系统服务
# echo "PATH=/usr/local/apache/bin:$PATH" >> /etc/profile.d/http.sh
# . /etc/profile.d/http.sh # ln -s /usr/local/apache/include/ /usr/include/httpd # chkconfig --add httpd5.安装tomcat-connectors
# wget http://apache.fayea.com/apache-mirror/tomcat/tomcat-connectors/jk/tomcat-connectors-1.2.40-src.tar.gz# tar xf tomcat-connectors-1.2.40-src.tar.gz# cd tomcat-connectors-1.2.40-src/native/# ./configure --with-apxs=/usr/local/apache/bin/apxs# make # make install
安装完成后会生成如下文件
# ls /usr/local/apache/modules/|grep 'mod_jk'mod_jk.so
启动httpd服务
# service httpd start
执行./configure --with-apxs=/usr/local/apache/bin/apxs时可能会遇到以下报错:
need to check for Perl first, apxs depends on it...
checking for perl... /usr/bin/perlcould not find /usr/local/apache/bin/apxsconfigure: error: You must specify a valid --with-apxs path解法办法:
vi /usr/local/apache/bin/apxs
把第一行改成:#!/usr/bin/perl -w另外检查系统中是否已经安装过perl,如果没有安装,用yum安装即可。
三.安装与配置tomcat服务器(172.16.10.61、172.16.10.62执行同样的安装,这里只演示一次)
1.安装JDK
下载地址:http://download.oracle.com/
# rpm -ivh jdk-7u40-linux-x64.rpm# vim /etc/profile.d/java.shexport JAVA_HOME=/usr/java/latestexport PATH=$JAVA_HOME/bin:$PATH# . /etc/profile.d/java.sh# java -versionjava version "1.7.0_40"Java(TM) SE Runtime Environment (build 1.7.0_40-b43)Java HotSpot(TM) 64-Bit Server VM (build 24.0-b56, mixed mode)
2.安装Tomcat
下载地址:http://apache.fayea.com/apache-mirror/tomcat/tomcat-7/v7.0.53/bin/apache-tomcat-7.0.53.tar.gz
# tar xf apache-tomcat-7.0.53.tar.gz -C /usr/local/# cd /usr/local/# ln -s apache-tomcat-7.0.53 tomcat# vim /etc/profile.d/tomcat.shexport CATALINA_HOME=/usr/local/tomcatexport PATH=$CATALINA_HOME/bin:$PATH# . /etc/profile.d/tomcat.sh# /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh versionUsing CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcatUsing CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcatUsing CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/tempUsing JRE_HOME: /usr/java/latestUsing CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli.jarServer version: Apache Tomcat/7.0.53Server built: Mar 25 2014 06:20:16Server number: 7.0.53.0OS Name: LinuxOS Version: 2.6.32-279.el6.x86_64Architecture: amd64JVM Version: 1.7.0_40-b43JVM Vendor: Oracle Corporation
3.启动Tomcat服务并访问测试,默认访问端口为8080:
# /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh startUsing CATALINA_BASE: /usr/local/tomcatUsing CATALINA_HOME: /usr/local/tomcatUsing CATALINA_TMPDIR: /usr/local/tomcat/tempUsing JRE_HOME: /usr/java/latestUsing CLASSPATH: /usr/local/tomcat/bin/bootstrap.jar:/usr/local/tomcat/bin/tomcat-juli.jarTomcat started.# ss -antpl | grep 80800 100 :::8080 :::* users:(("java",1299,42))
4.开启Tomcat管理及状态页面
# vim /usr/local/tomcat/conf/tomcat-users.xml(在标签上一行添加如下两行)#后台管理页面登录名及密码均为tomcat# /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh stop# /usr/local/tomcat/bin/catalina.sh start
5.访问Tomcat后台管理
四.配置Apache使用mod_jk模块实现代理及负载均衡
1.编辑Apache主配置文件,实现代理功能(172.16.10.72)
echo "Include /etc/httpd24/extra/mod_jk.conf" >> /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf #将此指令添加到文件末尾即可
2.创建mod_jk.conf及workers.properties文件
# cat >>/etc/httpd24/extra/mod_jk.conf <>/etc/httpd24/extra/workers.properties <
3.编辑httpd.conf修改ServerName并重启httpd服务
#vi /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf ServerName 172.16.10.72:80 # service httpd restart
4.修改tomcat服务器(172.16.10.61),添加测试页面
# cd /usr/local/tomcat/conf/# cp server.xml server.xml.bak# vi server.xml
创建网站存放目录并创建测试页
# mkdir -p /web/eivll0m# vi /web/eivll0m/index.jsp<%@ page language="java" %>TomcatA TomcatA
Session ID | <% session.setAttribute("abc","abc"); %><%= session.getId() %> |
Created on | <%= session.getCreationTime() %> |
重启tomcat服务并查看是否启动成功
# catalina.sh stop# catalina.sh configtest# catalina.sh start# ss -antpl | grep java0 1 ::ffff:127.0.0.1:8005 :::* users:(("java",1299,50))0 100 :::8009 :::* users:(("java",1299,43))0 100 :::8080 :::* users:(("java",1299,42))
5.访问Apache主机(172.16.10.72),验证是否代理成功
6.修改Apache配置文件(mod_jk.conf、workers.properties),实现负载均衡
# cat >>/etc/httpd24/extra/mod_jk.conf <>/etc/httpd/extra/workers.properties <
7.修改tomcat服务器(172.16.10.62),添加测试页面
# cd /usr/local/tomcat/conf/# cp server.xml server.xml.bak# vi server.xml
创建网站存放目录并创建测试页
# mkdir -p /web/eivll0m# vi /web/eivll0m/index.jsp<%@ page language="java" %>TomcatB TomcatB
Session ID | <% session.setAttribute("abc","abc"); %><%= session.getId() %> |
Created on | <%= session.getCreationTime() %> |
重启tomcat服务并查看是否启动成功
# catalina.sh stop# catalina.sh configtest# catalina.sh start# ss -antpl | grep java0 1 ::ffff:127.0.0.1:8005 :::* users:(("java",1303,50))0 100 :::8009 :::* users:(("java",1303,43))0 100 :::8080 :::* users:(("java",1303,42))
8.访问Apache服务器(172.16.10.72),测试是否实现负载均衡(如下表示测试成功)
五.安装并配置Keepalived实现高可用
1.在apache服务器(172.16.10.72、172.16.10.75)安装keepalived
yum -y install keepalived
2.配置Keepalived(172.16.10.72)
# vi /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf! Configuration File for keepalivedglobal_defs { notification_email { acassen@firewall.loc failover@firewall.loc sysadmin@firewall.loc } notification_email_from admin@eivll0m.com smtp_server 172.16.10.0 smtp_connect_timeout 30 router_id LVS_DEVEL}vrrp_script chk_httpd { script "killall -0 httpd" interval 1 weight -2}vrrp_instance httpd_1 { state MASTER interface eth0 virtual_router_id 58 priority 100 #定义优先级 advert_int 1 authentication { auth_type PASS auth_pass 1058 } virtual_ipaddress { 172.16.10.77 #vip } track_script { chk_httpd }} # service keepalived start #启动keepalived服务 # chkconfig keepalived on
3.配置Keepalived(172.16.10.75)
# vi /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf! Configuration File for keepalivedglobal_defs { notification_email { acassen@firewall.loc failover@firewall.loc sysadmin@firewall.loc } notification_email_from admin@eivll0m.com smtp_server 172.17.10.0 smtp_connect_timeout 30 router_id LVS_DEVEL}vrrp_script chk_httpd { script "killall -0 httpd" interval 1 weight -2}vrrp_instance httpd_1 { state BACKUP interface eth0 virtual_router_id 58 priority 99 #定义优先级 advert_int 1 authentication { auth_type PASS auth_pass 1058 } virtual_ipaddress { 172.16.10.77 #vip } track_script { chk_httpd }}
# service keepalived start # chkconfig keepalived on
4.编辑httpd.conf(172.16.10.72),并拷贝至172.16.10.75
# vi /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf ServerName www.eivll0m.com:80# service httpd restart# cd /etc/httpd24/# scp httpd.conf 172.16.10.75:/etc/httpd24/# cd extra/# scp mod_jk.conf workers.properties 172.16.10.75:/etc/httpd24/extra/ # service httpd restart #两台apache服务器分别执行
5.编辑tomcat服务器(172.17.10.61和172.16.10.62)的server.xml
# vi server.xml# catalina.sh stop # catalina.sh start
5.通过www.eivll0m.com(172.16.10.77)进行访问测试
注意:测试时关闭所有服务器iptables,如果没有做DNS解析,可在测试机上修改hosts文件来实现。
6.模拟一台apache故障,验证keepalived是否可以成功转移服务
# ip addr show eth0 #172.16.10.72上执行2: eth0:mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:e9:b8:52 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 172.16.10.72/24 brd 172.16.10.255 scope global eth0 inet 172.16.10.77/32 scope global eth0 inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fee9:b852/64 scope link tentative dadfailed valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever# ip addr show eth0 #172.16.10.75上执行2: eth0: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:c8:1a:08 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 172.16.10.75/24 brd 172.16.10.255 scope global eth0 inet 192.168.200.16/32 scope global eth0 inet 192.168.200.17/32 scope global eth0 inet 192.168.200.18/32 scope global eth0 inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fec8:1a08/64 scope link tentative dadfailed valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever# service httpd stop #停止172.16.10.72上的httpd服务# ip addr show eth0 #172.16.10.72上执行2: eth0: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:e9:b8:52 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 172.16.10.72/24 brd 172.16.10.255 scope global eth0 inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fee9:b852/64 scope link tentative dadfailed valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever# ip addr show eth0 #172.16.10.75上执行2: eth0: mtu 1500 qdisc pfifo_fast state UP qlen 1000 link/ether 00:0c:29:c8:1a:08 brd ff:ff:ff:ff:ff:ff inet 172.16.10.75/24 brd 172.16.10.255 scope global eth0 inet 192.168.200.16/32 scope global eth0 inet 192.168.200.17/32 scope global eth0 inet 192.168.200.18/32 scope global eth0 inet 172.16.10.77/32 scope global eth0 #vip已经成功转移过来 inet6 fe80::20c:29ff:fec8:1a08/64 scope link tentative dadfailed valid_lft forever preferred_lft forever
通过上面的步骤我们可以看到,在172.16.10.72上停止apache服务,keepalived会检测到,另一台keepalived服务器会接管vip,web服务不会中断,从而实现了高可用性。
7.配置tomcat实现session共享
7.1.配置172.16.10.61这台tomcat服务器
# vi /usr/local/tomcat/conf/server.xml #在标签内(对所有主机生效)添加或修改如下内容,另外也可以添加在 标签内,对当前主机生效。并去掉此段前后注释
# mkdir /web/eivll0m/WEB-INF# cp /usr/local/tomcat/conf/web.xml /web/eivll0m/WEB-INF/# vim /web/eivll0m/WEB-INF/web.xml#添加此行内容
# catalina.sh stop # catalina.sh start# ss -tanlp | grep java0 1 ::ffff:127.0.0.1:8005 :::* users:(("java",1935,55))0 100 :::8009 :::* users:(("java",1935,43))0 100 :::8080 :::* users:(("java",1935,42))0 50 ::ffff:172.16.10.61:4000 :::* users:(("java",1935,44))
7.2.配置172.16.10.62这台tomcat服务器
# scp /usr/local/tomcat/conf/server.xml 172.16.10.62:/usr/local/tomcat/conf/ # scp -r /web/eivll0m/WEB-INF 172.16.10.62:/web/eivll0m/
# vi /usr/local/tomcat/conf/server.xml address="172.16.10.62" #更改IP port="4000" autoBind="100" selectorTimeout="5000" maxThreads="6"/># catalina.sh stop # catalina.sh start# ss -antpl|grep java 0 1 ::ffff:127.0.0.1:8005 :::* users:(("java",2041,61))0 100 :::8009 :::* users:(("java",2041,43))0 100 :::8080 :::* users:(("java",2041,42))0 50 ::ffff:172.16.10.62:4000 :::* users:(("java",2041,44))
注:因为tomcat的session同步功能需要用到组播,windows默认情况下是开通组播服务的,但是linux默认情况下并没有开通,可以通过指令打开route add -net 224.0.0.0 netmask 240.0.0.0 dev eth0,如果需要服务器启动时即开通组播需在/etc/sysconfig/static-routes文件内加入eht0 net 224.0.0.0 netmask 240.0.0.0。
7.3.验证session共享是否实现
通过以上截图可以看出session共享已经实现。